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Urine is an aqueous solution of waste electrolytes and metabolites excreted by mammals, birds, reptiles, fish and amphibians. Although urine is excreted as a paste by most birds, it is commonly excreted as a fluid varying in colour from clear, when dilute, to a dark amber, when concentrated. Urine is produced by the kidneys, and plays a vital role in maintaining homeostasis by removing excess water, electrolytes such as sodium, chloride, potassium, and calcium ions, urea and other metabolites from the blood. The production of urine is called diuresis.

Munitions

In historical times, urine was collected and used in the manufacture of gunpowder. Stale urine was filtered through a barrel full of straw and allowed to continue to sour for a year or more. After this period of time, water was used to wash the resulting chemical salts from the straw. This slurry was filtered through wood ashes and allowed to dry in the sun. Saltpeter crystals were then collected and added to sulfur and charcoal to create black powder.

Textiles

Urine has often been used as a mordant to help prepare textiles, especially wool, for dyeing. Urine was used for dyes such as indigo where the urea in the urine reacted with the insoluble dye to form a soluble solution.

Hormone Replacement Therapy

Steroid hormones extracted from the urine of pregnant mares are used in a drug sold under the trade name Premarin. The drug, manufactured and sold by Wyeth Pharmaceuticals, is an estrogen replacement therapy used in the treatment of menopause symptoms.

Jellyfish Stings

Contrary to popular belief, urine should not be applied to jellyfish stings. The urine could actually cause the release of more of the poisonous venom from the sting.

 

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Urine Tests

The main constituent of urine is water. All vertebrates must carefully maintain the volume of fluid in their extra-cellular space in order to prevent fluid overload or dehydration. Some water is inevitably lost during solute excretion, and represents an unavoidable fluid loss. However, the majority of water excreted in the urine is lost to prevent fluid overload. Different animals have different renal physiologies depending on their need to retain water. Fish, for example, produce very large amounts of very dilute urine, whereas desert-dwelling animals such as the meerkat have evolved very effective renal systems, allowing them to conserve water by producing small amounts of extremely concentrated urine. Human kidneys are not that effective - even the most concentrated human urine is relatively dilute. The excretion of water is called aquaresis.

 

 
>>>Urine Tests

At Homehealth4u.co.uk we offer a simple Urine Infection Test and a wider Urine Multitest.

A urine test checks different components of urine, a waste product made by the kidneys. A regular urine test may be done to help find the cause of symptoms. The test can give information about your health and problems you may have.

The kidneys take out waste material, minerals, fluids, and other substances from the blood to be passed in the urine. Urine has hundreds of different body wastes. What you eat, drink, how much you exercise, and how well your kidneys work can affect what is in your urine.

Urine Infection Test

The urine infection test is fast & reliable with a result within two minutes. This test is suitable for you to do at home and contains two tests. If you obtain an abnormal result with the first strip, repeat the test using the second strip.

Urine Infection Test - SENT IN DISCREET FIRST CLASS PACKAGING - £14.99 post free to all UK destinations. (product code UIT)

 

11 Parameter Urine Multisticks - 100 tests per pack.

Eleven tests on each strip. Urine Multitest strips for Ascorbic Acid, Glucose, Bilirubin, Ketone, Specific Gravity, Blood, pH, Protein, Urobilinogen, Nitrite and Leukocytes

A Complete Urine Health Check in one Test checks Liver function, renal function, urinary tract infection screen and diabetes screen in one test !

Test Principle:

Glucose: This test is based on a double sequential enzyme reaction. One enzyme, glucose oxidase, catalyzes the formation of gluconic acid and hydrogen peroxide from the oxidation of glucose. A second enzyme, peroxidase, catalyzes the reaction of hydrogen peroxide with potassium iodide chromogen to oxidize the chromogen to colors ranging from blue-green to greenish-brown through brown and dark brown.

Bilirubin: This test is based on the coupling of bilirubin with a diazotized dichloroaniline in a strongly acid medium. The colors range from light tan to reddish-brown.

Ketone: This test is based on the reaction of acetoacetic acid with sodium nitroprusside in a strongly basic medium. The colors range from beige or buff-pink color for a “Negative” reading to pink and pink-purple for a “Positive” reading.

Specific Gravity: This test is based on the apparent pKa change of certain pretreated polyelectrolytes in relation to the ionic concentration. In the presence of an indicator, the colors range from dark blue or blue-green in urine of low ionic concentration to green and yellow -green in urine of higher ionic concentration.

Blood: This test is based on the pseudoperoxidase action of hemoglobin and erythrocytes which catalyzes the reaction of 3,3’,5,5’-tetramethylbenzidine and buffered organic peroxide. The resulting colors range from orange to yellow -green and dark-green. Very high blood concentration may cause the color development to continue to dark-blue.

pH: This test is based on the well known double pH indicator method, where bromothymol blue and methyl red give distinguishable colors over the pH range of 5-9. The colors range from red-orange to yellow and yellow -green to bluegreen.

Protein: This test is based on the protein error-of-indicator principle. At a constant pH, the development of any green color is due to the presence of protein. Colors range from yellow for a “Negative” reaction to yellow -green and green to blue-green for a “Positive” reaction.

Urobilinogen: This test is based on a modified Ehrlich reaction in which p-diethylaminobenzaldehyde reacts with urobilinogen in a strongly acid medium. Colors range from light pink to bright magenta.

Leukocytes: This test is based on the action of esterase present in leukocytes, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of an indoxyl ester derivative. The indoxyl ester liberated reacts with a diazonium salt to produce a beige-pink to purple color.

Ascorbic Acid: The composition comprises of a complex chelating agent with a polyvalent metal ion in its higher state and an indicator dye that can reacts with the metal ion in its lower state to produce a red color.

Test Procedure

1. Remove from the bottle only enough strips for immediate use and replace cap tightly.
2. Completely immerse reagent areas of the strip in fresh, well-mixed urine. Remove the strip immediately to avoid dissolving out the reagent areas.
3. While removing, touch the side of the strip against the rim of the urine container to remove excess urine. Blot the lengthwise edge of the strip on an absorbent paper towel to further remove excess urine and avoid running over (contamination from adjacent reagent pads.)
4. Compare each reagent area to its corresponding color blocks on the color chart and read at the times specified. Proper read time is critical for optimal results.
5. Obtain results by direct color chart comparison.

11 Parameter Urine Multisticks - One 100 Strip Vial - SENT IN DISCREET FIRST CLASS PACKAGING - £29.99 post free to all UK destinations. (product code PUM) 100 tests per pack.